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Biology Basics

Cells, genes and living systems

60 cards~10 minReferences included

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4 chapters · 60 cards
  1. 01
    Cells and organelles25 cards · ~4 min
  2. 02
    Genes and reproduction18 cards · ~3 min
  3. 03
    Evolution and classification6 cards · ~1 min
  4. 04
    Life processes and interactions11 cards · ~2 min

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01
Prompt: Basic unit of life
ScienceA little curiosity
Biology concept · RECALLBasic unit of lifeThink it. Then flip it.
02
Prompt: Organelle containing most DNA in a typical eukaryotic cell
ScienceA little curiosity
Biology concept · RECALLOrganelle containing most DNA in a typical eukaryotic cellThink it. Then flip it.
03
Prompt: This organelle produces most ATP in a typical aerobic animal cell.
ScienceA little curiosity
Biology concept · RECALLThis organelle produces most ATP in a typical aerobic animal cell.Think it. Then flip it.

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  1. 01Basic unit of lifeRECALL
    Cell

    All organisms consist of one or more cells

    Share this card ↗Source: Cell (biology)
  2. 02Organelle containing most DNA in a typical eukaryotic cellRECALL
    Nucleus

    Found in eukaryotic cells

    Share this card ↗Source: Cell nucleus
  3. 03This organelle produces most ATP in a typical aerobic animal cell.RECALL
    Mitochondrion

    Mitochondria convert energy into ATP during aerobic respiration. Cells do not create energy, and glycolysis also makes ATP outside…

    Share this card ↗Source: Mitochondrion
  4. 04Plant organelle used for photosynthesisRECALL
    Chloroplast

    Contains chlorophyll

    Share this card ↗Source: Chloroplast
  5. 05Cell division for growth and repairRECALL
    Mitosis

    Produces two genetically similar cells

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  6. 06Cell division producing gametesRECALL
    Meiosis

    Reduces chromosome number by half

    Share this card ↗Source: Meiosis
  7. 07Cells that defend against diseaseRECALL
    White blood cells

    Also called leukocytes

    Share this card ↗Source: White blood cells
  8. 08Organisms without a nucleusRECALL
    Prokaryotes

    Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic

    Share this card ↗Source: Prokaryotes
  9. 09Movement of water across a selective membraneRECALL
    Osmosis

    Water moves down its water-potential gradient

    Share this card ↗Source: Osmosis
  10. 10This selective boundary controls what enters and leaves a cell.RECALL
    Cell membrane

    It is selectively permeable

    Share this card ↗Source: Cell membrane
  11. 11This material fills a cell outside its nucleus and includes cytosol and organelles.RECALL
    Cytoplasm

    Many reactions occur there

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  12. 12This cell structure makes proteins.RECALL
    Ribosome

    Ribosomes read messenger RNA

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  13. 13This organelle modifies and packages proteins.RECALL
    Golgi apparatus

    It forms transport vesicles

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  14. 14These organelles use digestive enzymes to break down worn-out cell parts.RECALL
    Lysosomes

    They contain digestive enzymes

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  15. 15This large compartment stores water and supports turgor in many plant cells.RECALL
    Central vacuole

    It helps maintain turgor

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  16. 16This rigid cellulose-rich layer lies outside a plant cell's membrane.RECALL
    Cell wall

    It is largely made of cellulose

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  17. 17This DNA-and-protein structure packages genetic material in a eukaryotic cell.RECALL
    Chromosome

    Humans normally have 46

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  18. 18This type of nuclear division generally produces two genetically matching daughter nuclei for growth and repair.RECALL
    Mitosis

    Used for growth and repair

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  19. 19This organelle carries out photosynthesis.RECALL
    Chloroplast

    It contains chlorophyll

    Share this card ↗Source: Chloroplast
  20. 20This molecule supplies readily usable energy for cellular processes; give its common three-letter abbreviation.RECALL
    ATP

    It powers many cellular processes

    Share this card ↗Source: Adenosine triphosphate
  21. 21This type of organism lacks a membrane-bound nucleus.RECALL
    Prokaryote

    Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes

    Share this card ↗Source: Prokaryote
  22. 22This type of organism has cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.RECALL
    Eukaryote

    Animals, plants, fungi and protists are eukaryotes

    Share this card ↗Source: Eukaryote
  23. 23This infectious agent contains DNA or RNA in a protein coat and replicates only inside host cells.RECALL
    Virus

    It needs a host cell to replicate

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  24. 24These immune-system proteins bind to specific antigens.RECALL
    Antibodies

    B cells produce them

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  25. 25This nervous-system cell carries electrical signals and communicates across synapses.RECALL
    Neuron

    Neurons communicate at synapses

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  26. 26Molecule carrying genetic instructionsRECALL
    DNA

    Deoxyribonucleic acid

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  27. 27Passing traits from parents to offspringRECALL
    Heredity

    Genes are units of heredity

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  28. 28Change in a DNA sequenceRECALL
    Mutation

    Creates genetic variation

    Share this card ↗Source: Mutation
  29. 29Sugar found in DNARECALL
    Deoxyribose

    A five-carbon sugar

    Share this card ↗Source: Deoxyribose
  30. 30RNA base replacing thymineRECALL
    Uracil

    It pairs with adenine

    Share this card ↗Source: Uracil
  31. 31Stable internal body conditionsRECALL
    Homeostasis

    Temperature regulation is one example

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  32. 32Two intertwined strands form this usual shape of DNA.RECALL
    Double helix

    Two strands pair by complementary bases

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  33. 33This hereditary unit is a DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product.RECALL
    Gene

    Genes are segments of DNA

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  34. 34This term names an alternative version of a gene.RECALL
    Allele

    Different alleles can affect a trait

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  35. 35This term describes an organism's genetic makeup.RECALL
    Genotype

    It describes its alleles

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  36. 36This term describes an organism's observable characteristics.RECALL
    Phenotype

    Environment can influence them

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  37. 37Under simple Mendelian inheritance, this kind of allele determines the trait when paired with a recessive one.RECALL
    Dominant allele

    It can mask a recessive allele

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  38. 38This term names an alteration in a DNA sequence.RECALL
    Mutation

    Effects can be neutral, harmful or beneficial

    Share this card ↗Source: Mutation
  39. 39This reduction division produces haploid cells and contributes to gamete formation in animals.RECALL
    Meiosis

    It reduces chromosome number by half

    Share this card ↗Source: Meiosis
  40. 40This process combines two gametes to form a zygote.RECALL
    Fertilization

    It forms a zygote

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  41. 41This regulation keeps internal conditions within a viable range.RECALL
    Homeostasis

    Temperature regulation is an example

    Share this card ↗Source: Homeostasis
  42. 42This evolutionary mechanism occurs when heritable traits affect survival and reproductive success.RECALL
    Natural selection

    Evolution also involves mutation, genetic drift and gene flow. Natural selection is one mechanism, not a synonym for every evolutionary…

    Share this card ↗Source: Natural selection
  43. 43This term often refers to a microbial community together with its genes and surrounding environment.RECALL
    Microbiome

    Microbiota specifically names the organisms. Microbiome is often used more broadly, though definitions vary between researchers.

    Share this card ↗Source: Microbiome
  44. 44This naturalist developed natural selection independently of Alfred Russel Wallace and published On the Origin of Species.RECALL
    Charles Darwin

    Alfred Russel Wallace developed a similar idea

    Share this card ↗Source: Charles Darwin
  45. 45Relationship where both species benefitRECALL
  46. 46Kingdom that includes mushroomsRECALL
    Fungi

    They absorb nutrients

    Share this card ↗Source: Fungi
  47. 47This inherited feature improves survival or reproductive success in a particular environment.RECALL
    Adaptation

    It is shaped over generations

    Share this card ↗Source: Adaptation
  48. 48This naming system combines a genus name with a specific epithet.RECALL
    Binomial nomenclature

    Each species has genus and species names

    Share this card ↗Source: Binomial nomenclature
  49. 49In Carl Woese's 1990 classification system, this rank sits above kingdom.RECALL
    Domain

    The three-domain system recognizes Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Scientific classification can change as evidence about ancestry changes.

    Share this card ↗Source: Domain (taxonomy)
  50. 50Process by which plants make sugarsRECALL
    Photosynthesis

    Uses light, carbon dioxide and water

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  51. 51Organism that makes its own foodRECALL
  52. 52Organism that breaks down dead matterRECALL
    Decomposer

    Fungi and many bacteria do this

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  53. 53Protein that speeds a reactionRECALL
    Enzyme

    A biological catalyst

    Share this card ↗Source: Enzyme
  54. 54Vessels carrying blood away from the heartRECALL
    Arteries

    Pulmonary arteries are an exception in oxygen level

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  55. 55Gas released by photosynthesisRECALL
    Oxygen

    Comes from splitting water molecules

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  56. 56Study of living thingsRECALL
    Biology

    From Greek words for life and study

    Share this card ↗Source: Biology
  57. 57This biological catalyst accelerates a reaction without being consumed.RECALL
    Enzyme

    It speeds reactions without being consumed

    Share this card ↗Source: Enzyme
  58. 58This preparation trains immune responses against a pathogen or its products.RECALL
    Vaccine

    It creates immune memory

    Share this card ↗Source: Vaccine
  59. 59This endocrine messenger travels to target tissues to influence their activity.RECALL
    Hormone

    Insulin is one example

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  60. 60This junction lets a neuron communicate with another cell.RECALL
    Synapse

    Signals cross it using chemicals or electricity

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