These wheel-and-rope devices change a pulling force's direction and can reduce the effort needed to lift a load.

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A pulley redirects a pulling force, letting a rope raise a flag by pulling down instead of up. Source: Pulley ↗

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12A falling object reaches this steady speed when drag balances its weight.RECALL
Terminal Velocity
Terminal velocity is reached when air resistance grows strong enough to balance the pull of gravity on a falling object.
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13Light changes direction as it changes speed between materials, making a straw look bent in water.RECALL
Refraction
Refraction bends light as it changes speed moving between materials, making a straw look bent in water.
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14A mirror returns light at an angle equal to its angle of incidence through this process.RECALL
Reflection
Reflection returns light at the same angle it strikes a surface, which is how mirrors show a clear image.
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